Toilet mirror
Category
Furniture
Date
circa 1750 - 1760
Materials
Rosewood, ivory, silver, silvered glass
Measurements
26 cm (H); 54.5 cm (W); 26 cm (d)
Place of origin
Visakhapatnam
Order this imageCollection
Powis Castle and Garden, Powys
NT 1180669
Summary
An ivory-inlaid, engraved ivory-crossbanded rosewood toilet mirror, or dressing glass, Visakhapatnam (Vizagapatam), circa 1750. The rectangular plate in a narrow frame, held by square-section supports topped by silver finials. The box base fitted with a hinged fall above an arcaded full-length drawer enclosing a fitted interior. Raised on short bracket feet. The edges banded with engraved ivory and inlaid with edging bands of inlaid ivory flowers and leaves. Silver drawer handles and escutcheon.
Full description
This exquisite toilet mirror or dressing glass probably came from the same workshop as its companion silver-mounted and ivory-inlaid dressing chest (NT 1180668). The latter was in England by 1761, when its feet were supplied (possibly as replacements) by the upholsterer George Smith Bradshaw (1717-1812). It was made in the city of Visakhapatnam (Vizagapatam) in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. A natural harbour with a thriving textile industry, it was also a centre for cabinet-making renowned for its use of ivory inlay and veneers. As European colonial activity in India increased over the first half of the 18th century, territorial wars and the struggle for dominance intensified, and Visakhapatnam was ruled by the Mughal Qutb Shahis (between 1689 and 1724), Nizam (1724–1757) and France (from 1757), before being captured by the British East India Company armies in 1765. This British colonial encroachment in India involved the looting and seizure of its material culture – art, precious objects and resources – but it is also affected local artistic production and a transfer of materials, techniques, knowledge and fashions which, rather like in Guangzhou (see Chinese Export furniture at Osterley, NT 771891, 773356 and 773362) and other trading ports, stimulated an export market in furniture specifically for European buyers. It is likely, therefore, that some of the furniture from Visakhapatnam now in English collections was legitimately purchased, although it should also be noted that it did feature among the ‘gifts’ exchanged between Indian rulers and Europeans. It is thought that Robert Clive purchased this toilet mirror, together with its associated dressing chest, whilst in India. Like the chest, the mirror is English in form (although the form of the apsidal kneehole is not typical of English mid-18th century furniture) but in its materials, decoration and exquisite craftsmanship, is quintessentially Indian. In common with other examples judged to date from the middle of the 18th century, it is made of only one primary timber and the marquetry is painterly, featuring large leaves and oversized Indian flowers tied with ribbons. It is a very high-quality example of its type, although smaller objects like this seem to have been made in much greater than numbers than larger pieces of case furniture, perhaps because they were easier to ship to England. This mirror was listed in the 1774 inventory of the contents of 45 Berkeley Square, the London house of Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive (1725-74), and was described as ‘A real Rosewood Dressing Glass inlaid with Ivory and Silver mounted.’ It is now displayed in the ‘Clive Museum’ at Powis and is part of the largest private collection of Indian artefacts in the UK. It was assembled by two generations of the Clive family: Robert Clive (who became known as Clive of India) and his son Edward Clive (1754-1839), who married Henrietta Herbert, daughter of the 1st Earl of Powis (2nd creation). Robert Clive was an important figure in Britain’s East India Company, the powerful corporation that dominated trade between Europe, Asia and the Middle East between 1600 and 1857. The East India Company fought three wars against Mysore to control the land and its rich resources, before definitively seizing power at the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799, when Tipu Sultan was killed. After the battle, the British Army swept into the city, and Tipu Sultan’s treasury of precious objects and artefacts were taken to be distributed among the victors, some of which are now in the ‘Clive Museum’ at Powis. The collection is currently being researched and reinterpreted.
Provenance
Acquired by Robert Clive (1725-1774). Listed in the 1774 inventory of 45 Berkeley Square as 'a real Rosewood Dressing Glass inlaid with Ivory and Silver mounted...'. Accepted by HM Treasury on 21st March, 1963 in lieu of tax and conveyed to National Trust ownership on 29th November 1963.
References
Jaffer 2001 : Amin Jaffer, Furniture from British India and Ceylon, a catalogue of the collection in the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Peabody Essex Museum, London, V&A publications, 2001. Jaffer 2002 : "Luxury goods from India, the art of the Indian cabinet maker", London, V&A publications, 2002. Archer, Mildred Treasures from India [1987].