Mug
Plymouth Porcelain Factory
Category
Ceramics
Date
1768 - 1770
Materials
hard paste porcelain
Measurements
127 mm (Height); 92 mm (Diameter); 88 mm (Diameter)
Place of origin
Plymouth
Order this imageCollection
Saltram, Devon
NT 870964
Summary
Large mug with handle made at the Plymouth Porcelain factory 1768-1770. Hand thrown in hard paste porcelain and hand painted in polychrome enamel. The pattern is known as the 'Bishop Sumner pattern' influenced by Chinese porcelain designs; the decorative panels include a vase with feathers and flowers on a low table, a Kylin (a Chinese, mythical creature) and a Chinese lion painted in a pallete of green, red, yellow and blue. Extensive historic crack to base is repaired with a staple. 'Plymouth 1768' handwritten on the base and now faded. Label (now detatched) reads 'Plymouth 1768 Dragon China,' possibly in the hand of Edmund Parker, 2nd Earl of Morley. The Saltram Collection (1967): No 271, p61
Full description
The decoration on this mug is known as the ‘Bishop Sumner pattern’. It depicts an English version of Chinese decoration – including a lion and a kylin (a Chinese mythical creature). This pattern was also used at many other English factories, but primarily at Worcester. It is known that some workers re-located from Worcester to Plymouth to work at the factory – perhaps they brought the pattern with them? The Plymouth Porcelain factory was established by William Cookworthy (1705-1780) in 1768. It was the first to produce so-called ‘hard paste’, or ‘true’ porcelain in the UK. This meant that it combined the materials of china clay (kaolin) and china stone (petunse) to produce a hard-fired body to the same recipe as Chinese porcelain. Many European factories attempted to re-create Chinese porcelain which was famed for its translucency and much in demand. The recipe for porcelain was a closely guarded secret. Only a handful of factories managed to re-create it, the first being Meissen in Germany in 1708. Cookworthy was a chemist based in Plymouth who experimented with the china clay he found in Cornwall. Tests and trial firings went on for over 20 years before he was finally able to establish industrial production in Plymouth in 1768. The factory produced a range of domestic and decorative wares in blue and white and in polychrome enamels. However, the factory was beset with manufacturing problems. Impurities in the materials, challenges with firing the kiln, and potters inexperienced in working with the new material meant that the quality of porcelain was extremely varied. The factory only ran for two years before it transferred to Bristol under the management of Richard Champion (1743-1791) in 1770. At Saltram, there is no evidence that the Parker family acquired Plymouth porcelain directly from Cookworthy and the factory. At that time, they were busy purchasing some of the finest ceramics that money could buy. The lower quality of Plymouth porcelain may well have been unappealing. Plymouth porcelain saw a rise in popularity in the later 19th century, when collectors realised its cultural value as the first UK factory. Many of the Plymouth pieces at Saltram today were acquired either by Edmund Henry Parker (1810-1864), 2nd Earl of Morley who kept a large porcelain collection at his London residence, Kent House in Knightsbridge. Or by his brother in law, Montagu Edmund Newcome Parker (1807-1858) who also amassed a substantial collection of ceramics. Both men donated part of their collection, including items of Plymouth porcelain, to the Museum of Practical Geology (now the Victoria and Albert museum), London.
Provenance
Possibly acquired by Montagu Edmund Newcome Parker (1807-1858) or Edmund Parker (1810-1864), 2nd Earl of Morley and by descent to Edmund Robert Parker (1878-1951), 4th Earl of Morley and accepted in lieu of payment of Estate Duty and transferred to NT in 1957.
Makers and roles
Plymouth Porcelain Factory, manufacturer
References
The Saltram Collection (1967):, No. 271, p.61.