Caption

This is one of three surviving fragments that are among some of the earliest English tapestries in the National Trust’s collections. They date from the late 15th or early 16th century and were probably originally designed as part of a larger hanging, or possibly as cushion covers. The fearsome wild-boar heads with their sharp pointed tusks and a wreath of leaves were designed as part of family heraldry and can be associated with Sir Piers Edgcumbe (1468/9– 1539), who inherited the beautiful estate of Cotehele in Cornwall in 1489. He may have commissioned the tapestries from an English workshop, and they are very rare examples of English heraldic textiles. The tapestries were adapted, or perhaps rescued, in the 18th century, and three fragments were sewn into later Dutch or Flemish tapestries depicting fruit and flowers. This reuse indicates their importance in telling the history of the family dynasty and ensured the survival of these textiles.

Summary

Tapestry, wool, 5½ warps per cm, Border with Boar’s Head, England or Southern Netherlands, c. 1489-1539. A narrow strip of tapestry in three sections. To the left and right are sections of border with a design of scrolling acanthus leaves and roses in cream and blue on a red ground. In the centre is a square section with a boar’s head, its neck encircled by leaves, on a red ground with a dark red band sewn on round the edges.

Full description

The tapestry is related to another narrows strip of border with two further boars' heads swen into it. It is not clear whether the elements of the present tapestry belong together. The sections of border and the boar’s head share a warp count of 5½ per cm, and both are woven entirely in wool. Their current arrangement is certainly not original as the warps in the border sections run horizontally, whereas those for the boar’s head run vertically. Nonetheless the similarities of quality and colouring suggest that they could once have formed part of the same tapestry. The boar’s head probably dates from c. 1489-1539, and may have been made in England. The acanthus-scroll design of the border sections is a coarse rendering of a pattern common on Netherlandish tapestries from c. 1520-1570, deriving ultimately from all’antica decoration emanating from the School of Raphael in the 1520s (see for example Campbell 2002, cat. no. 246). The crude execution however suggests that the border was not made in a workshop of great sophistication, and these sections, like the central boar’s head, could potentially have been produced in an English tapestry workshop. The Edgcumbe coat of arms (Gules on a bend Ermine cotised Or, three Boars’ Heads couped Argent) includes three boars’ heads, but they are simply ‘couped’, without any wreath of leaves. Similarly the Edgcumbe crest, as it appeared on the tomb of Sir Richard Edgcumbe (d. 1489), consisted of a boar’s head couped proper, argent on a wreath of gules and or – again there is no wreath of leaves (Jarry and le Lidec 1960). In the early seventeenth century a new crest (still in use today) was adopted by the Edgcumbe family of a whole boar, and this time its neck was wreathed in leaves (Drake and Vivian 1874, pp. 63-65). The boar’s head that appears on the tapestries, with its wreath of leaves, is neither the Edgcumbe crest nor part of the coat of arms, but in fact a badge used by members of the family from at least the late fifteenth century. Whereas it would have been very unusual for a crest to be represented isolated in a frame, as the three heads are on the tapestries, this usage is quite consistent with the display of a badge. The two primary uses of badges in the medieval period were firstly military, appearing on standards and livery, as a rallying point; and secondly decorative, on furniture, plate, architecture and textiles (Powell Siddons 1999, vol. 1, p. 2). The Edgcumbe badge of boar’s head wreathed with leaves is recorded in a number of manuscripts dating from the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, some simple collections of badges and some records of standards used in processions of Knights, where the badge appears alongside a crest of a demi-reindeer with three golden antlers (Powell-Siddons 2009, vol. II, pp. 81-4; and see for example de Walden and Ellis 1904, p. 166). At Cotehele a 19th-century replica standard survives which reproduces the form of these manuscript descriptions, with a reindeer crest surrounded by wreathed boars’ head badges. This replica was copied from an actual standard formerly at Cotehele (Mount Edgcumbe 1877, p. 20). All the manuscript records of the boar’s head badge date from the majority of Sir Piers Edgcumbe (1468/9-1539). A boar’s head badge is also used by Sir Piers as a seal on an Entailment made on the second marriage of his son Richard (1499-1562) in 1535; on this document Richard used as a seal a ram’s head, associated with his mother’s family of Durnford (Cornwall Record Office, ME/826). No instances of the use of a boar’s head as a badge by other members of the Edgcumbe family are known, and this strongly suggests that the boars’ head tapestries were commissioned by Sir Piers Edgcumbe, probably between 1489 when he inherited the estates at Cotehele and Mount Edgcumbe, and his death in 1539. It is however possible that the tapestries are earlier in date. The boar’s head had long featured in the family’s heraldry (Edgcumbe 1895, p. 20), and it is quite possible that the badge of a boar’s head wreathed in leaves was in use before it was adopted by Sir Piers Edgcumbe. It is also possible that the boar’s head badge continued to be used after the death of Sir Piers in 1539 and the tapestries could potentially date from later in the sixteenth century. The three fragments at Cotehele bear no indication of their place of manufacture. This is by no means unusual, and the origin of heraldic tapestries made for English patrons has consequently been open to debate. The three fragments are woven entirely in wool with a relatively coarse weave and a simple, bold design, and their production would not have required a high level of skill or, if they were originally woven at their present small size, a large loom. It is therefore possible that they were woven at an English workshop. Thomson has shown that there were a large number of workshops operating in England in fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, many of them manned by Flemish weavers (Thomson 1973, pp. 76-83; 137), and Campbell has concluded that these workshops specialized in the production of armorial and decorative tapestries, rather than the more sophisticated figurative hangings imported from the Southern Netherlands (Campbell 2007b, pp. 5-6, 91-2). From the middle of the fourteenth century English Royal Wardrobe accounts record the use of tapestries woven with the badges of royals and noblemen, and this was widespread throughout the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries (Powell Siddons 2009, vol. I, pp. 132-36; Campbell 2007b, pp. 5-6, 29, 50, 79-81). Recorded armorial tapestries include entire ‘chambers’ of tapestry wall hangings, and related textiles such as bed hangings, where badges were often used as a repeating decorative motif. Smaller household items such as chair cloths and cushion cloths were also decorated with badges from at least the middle of the fifteenth century. Thomas Campbell has noted in relation to English Royal patronage that the use of tapestry (rather than embroidery) for heraldic textiles was widespread in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but seems to have declined under Henry VIII (Campbell 2007b, pp. 234-5; 326-7). Fewer records survive for non-royal patronage of heraldic textiles, but there are some surviving examples, notably a fragment with the arms of the Scrope family of Masham now in York Minster, dated to c. 1400 (Campbell 2007b, p. 5), and a few more ambitious examples such as the so-called ‘Luttrell Armorial’, a large table carpet representing the various marriage alliances of the Luttrell family, and including flowers used as badges by members of the family, which was at Cotehele from the mid sixteenth century to the mid nineteenth (Wells 1968). Whilst the Luttrell armorial is generally thought to have been executed in the Netherlands, it is often suggested that less sophisticated examples such as the Scrope fragment were executed in Britain. The original appearance of the three fragments remains unclear. Although they show some signs of alteration, the two boars'heads on 348249.2 were originally woven with their narrow two-tone borders. This could indicate that they were woven as individual small squares for use as cushion covers or in some other furnishing context, but it is equally possible that the fragments have been cut out from a much larger piece or pieces, a common fate among the tapestries at Cotehele. Badges were frequently included as subsidiary elements in larger armorial tapestries, for example a panel with the armorial bearings of John Dynham woven in the Southern Netherlands, c. 1488-1501, where the patron’s badge of a warship’s topcast appears sprinkled over the field around his achievement of arms (Cavallo 1993, pp. 273-7). The square two-tone frames on the boars' heads suggests that if the fragments were part of a larger piece they may have been elements in a border. The two sections of red border attached to 348249.1 support this possibility. It is not certain that these two fragments belong with the boar’s heads, but they share the same warp count and like the boars’ heads they are woven entirely in wool, and their design is consistent with the proposed date of the boars’ heads. An interesting comparison for the use of small armorial devices in borders may be made with a tapestry known as the ‘Great Yarmouth Cloth of Estate’, woven in Enghien in around 1542. This panel bears the royal arms in the main field and in the lower border the arms of the town of Great Yarmouth and those of its bailiff in 1542, Gilbert Gryce, with either side of the arms two small roundels with Gryce’s crest of a boar courant (Delmarcel 1980, pp. 22-23). In his description of Queen Anne’s Room in c. 1840 the Rev. Arundell described “Over the door, on three small pieces, is a boar’s head, couped, and the ancient crest of the Edgecumbe family” (Arundell 1840). This suggests that the present disposition of the fragments, split between the Dining Room and the Punch Room, is a relatively new arrangement, and that various sections of border may not have been associated with them for all that long. (Helen Wyld, 2010)